Morality of Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Profound quality of Abortion - Essay Example Hence, the discussion between the two gatherings proceeds interminably. Since either party neglects to shake off the setting particularity of fetus removal, the gatherings on either side of premature birth makes them defenseless against each other’s investigates (Marquis 183-187). Personhood, right to life, and morals are a few repeating catchphrases in both the expert and contra premature birth banter. Frequently these topics fill in as the amazing standards of the endeavors to approve the contentions of either party on the issue of fetus removal. Be that as it may, shockingly, these subjects themselves have been sullied by the setting particularity. In his article, â€Å"A Defense of Abortion†, however Jarvis Thompson endeavors to manage the admissibility of general premature birth, he for the most part floats around some particular settings of fetus removal that may draw the readers’ enthusiastic help, and afterward objective, to his position on the issue of premature birth. Surely Thompson’s approach is to set up a person’s or a woman’s right to premature birth from an unadulterated moral perspective. He contends that since a surprising origination of a child in its mother’s belly because of an assault or different cases is in direct clash with its mother’s option to pick, the mother’s decision to premature birth may end up being mean and narrow minded by the current ethics of a general public, however she has the privilege to prematurely end the infant. Thompson’s achievement lies in drawing a reasonable division among ethics and morals on the issue of the fetus removal. As indicated by him, a mother’s option to decide to deny her unborn infant from its entitlement to life through fetus removal ought to be founded on morals, though her decision to permit the child to live in her belly is an issue of her and her society’s ethical quality. Thompson’s propounded morals states that if one’s right to decision doesn't come into direct clash with another’s right to life, the person in question can't be considered answerable for the infringement of

Physics investigation Essay Example

Material science examination Essay Example Material science examination Essay Material science examination Essay For this examination I will test different materials to decide how much power is required for them to snap. Figure 1 beneath shows the powers that will be following up on the test material. The set-up above will build the power applied to the test material until a split, began in the surface in pressure, proliferates to make the material break. To tentatively decide the degree of stress that is required to break an item, I should have the option to apply a power onto an object and have the option to quantitatively gauge and record that power. This, I found, isn't as straightforward as it sounds due not exclusively to the restricted hardware accessible to me, yet in addition to what I could utilize essentially and securely. I thought of numerous strategies for estimating the power applied just as numerous methods of making that power. A synopsis of the significant techniques and their related issues is incorporated underneath. Strategy 1: Creating power utilizing my own quality. This has a few evident points of interest including usability. My own quality requires no readiness to utilize, is anything but difficult to store when Im not utilizing it and can make an expansive scope of power for example up to 800N. Shockingly for all the advantages, there are a few hindrances that make this technique illogical. The best concern is security, in particular my own wellbeing. To apply the power expected to break the articles, I would need to lean vigorously on the item. This set me at risk for being speared on the gadget I was utilizing to concentrated power onto the item. Just as this, there was the issue of splinters from the item harming my hand or eyes. Technique 2: Measuring the power utilizing washroom scales. The primary preferred position of this strategy is that an enormous scope of powers can be estimated for example over 1,000N. Additionally, they are anything but difficult to set up and use, hard to break and can be put away effectively prepared for rehashing tests. The inconveniences are less yet at the same time beat the focal points. The best destruction is the way that the maximum power came to and in this manner where the material broke is hard to decide precisely. This implies my outcomes could be out by an unsatisfactorily enormous wiggle room. Technique 3: Creating the power utilizing a bad habit. By all accounts, this strategy appeared to be truly perfect. An enormous, consistent power could be made securely. With the assistance of a metal tip connected to the bad habit, the power applied could be painstakingly expanded by turned the idea about the bad habit until the material broke. The power created could be extremely amazing because of the switch impact of the idea about the bad habit. This makes it commonly more impressive than any power I could make all alone. This time, the issue with the technique lies not with the strategy itself however with the going with technique for estimating the power made. Washroom scales can't be utilized in light of the fact that they are made off base by concentrating power onto a little zone of them. Littler scopes can't be utilized in light of the fact that the ones accessible to me couldnt be utilized to quantify a huge enough power for example 20N most extreme. This strategy would have been utilized were it not for the failings of measu re strategies. Technique 4: Measuring the power utilizing piezo electric precious stones. This was somewhat of a non-starter truly. In spite of the fact that they appeared to be a decent arrangement because of the quantitative information that could be created and recorded; I didnt understand that the gems couldnt be utilized to gauge the size of power that I required. They would have been squashed in a flash. Technique 5: Creating the power utilizing pneumatics. The upsides of this framework are like that of the bad habit. An enormous, consistent and effortlessly controlled power can be created with wellbeing. The disservice of the bad habit is likewise survived; there is no compelling reason to gauge the power straightforwardly as it tends to be gathered from the measure of intensity utilized by the pneumatic rams them selves. Lamentably there was one impossible hindrance. The gear accessible to me was not sufficient or amazing enough. This technique appeared to be perfect and is the one utilized in proficient research center tests, lamentably the offices and hardware were not accessible to me to use it adequately. Strategy 6: Creating the power utilizing loads. This strategy for delivering power has the additional advantage of estimating the power as it is created. The power delivered is quantitative, consistent and the most extreme level came to is effectively found. There are weaknesses be that as it may; the most extreme power that can be created is dependant on the greatest quality of the string that connects the majority to the test medium. The bigger the region of contact, the less weight is created. This implies for the test to be reasonable, the string utilized must be the equivalent in each case. This technique is the one that I at last chose to utilize. My decision of technique implies that a little modification is required to my unique power chart; see figure 2. Reasonable Test So as to play out this investigation decently I will require a methods for supporting the material and guaranteeing the swaggers remain in the right spot in light of the fact that the power I apply will be along the side moved to them. I considered a few different ways of supporting the material and how to forestall the backings moving during testing. Figure 3 shows the powers in question. Vertical power applied to material, making it flex and become compacted and under strain. The flex of the material implies that the edges of the material are nearer the focal point of the material and that the material is in this manner shorter evenly regardless of being somewhat longer long. Since the material is attempting to abbreviate its flat length, the backings are pulled inwards. The main thing preventing this from happening is the frictional power between the base and the tabletop. I have laid out underneath a portion of the techniques I used to forestall development of the stand; they all work on the guideline of expanding the erosion power by methods for changing the parameters of à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ or F from the condition: R = à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ F (see figure 4) Where: R = resultant power for example the degree of contact. à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ = the co-productive of contact for example the tenacity of the surface. F = the vertical power created by the mass of the brace stand. The material under pressure will increment in flex and somewhat long until as far as possible or yield purpose of the material is reached. At this breaking point, the material will begin to split as an afterthought under strain. These splits will proliferate until the material at long last snaps. The measure of power required for this to happen is known as the breaking pressure. The higher the breaking pressure the more elasticity the material has. This is the thing that I will quantify in my examination. Issues Using Clamp Stands This was the main strategy that I thought of utilizing as a result of their simplicity of capacity and being the most pervasive help accessible to me. The weaknesses turned out to be exceptionally clear when I tried them. The principle issue I found was that of development of the backings. I attempted numerous methods of tying down them to a surface in order to constrain development however most were fruitless or unsuitable. Right off the bat I took a stab at putting masses on the footplates of the stands yet couldn't put enough mass on them to forestall development. This technique works by expanding the parameter F in the above condition. I likewise took a stab at utilizing clingy paper to expand the co-proficient of grating of the surface the stand was put on however couldnt increment it enough to change the result by any extraordinary sum. After that I put plugs on the base to stop it moving. This stopped it moving yet rather made the stand topple over rather; clearly not perfect. The last technique and by a wide margin the best I attempted ought to have been increasingly self-evident. I connected an enormous G-clasp on the footplate of each stand and fixed them as far as Possible. Because of the size and intensity of the cinches I utilized, development was totally wiped out. This strategy works in a similar way as putting masses on the bases; it builds the F parameter. With the clip I utilized I had the option to produce colossal vertical powers onto the footplate that made a resultant frictional power all that could possibly be needed for my prerequisites. The second issue I just found in the wake of understanding the first. The supervisors I used to join the clasp arms to the stand were not sufficiently able to hold themselves up and not turn towards one another as the material flexed. Figure 5 beneath shows the set-up and how it changed when masses were included. To take care of this difficult I needed to discover a method of holding separated the arms. I had a go at integrating them with string however discovered it flexed an excess of when utilized in the length required. To take care of the difficult I required a material that delivered a low strain and could be applied in the manner required. After a brisk inquiry of the materials that were on offer I chose cover tape. I picked it since it is strengthened with numerous filaments that invigorate it extra and it is clingy so it can hold together the clip arms. Security All through the arranging procedure I have been taking a gander at my examination and continually dissecting it for wellsprings of potential threat I may experience while performing it. I met with the accompanying issues and balanced the trial in this manner. The primary thing that I thought would be a wellbeing worry in the investigation was the power associated with breaking the materials. Making enormous powers would mean a lot of mass being utilized and this is a danger. To limit any hazard included; I chose materials that would not require immense powers to break and I utilized just little examples of them in order to additionally decrease the power required for example the wood tests I utilized were sliced to a thickness of 2mm. Another worry was that of what the material would do when the emphasize point was reached. A portion of the materials I utilized could break or splinter for example plastic and wood. To cut the danger of individual injury to myself and those around I raised Perspex security

Alfred Russel Wallace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alfred Russel Wallace - Research Paper Example Be that as it may, just Wallace and other two of his nine kin (Fanny and John) made due past early adulthood. The weakening monetary state of Wallace’s family intruded on his instruction. Nonetheless, his house was a rich wellspring of maps, books just as cultivating exercises, which Wallace reviewed later with delight. He notes in his life account that he gave undeniably more opportunity to the games that he played as a kid than to the exercises that he got at school, and he saw this as exhausting and excruciating. All things considered, Wallace was a reasonably decent understudy since in his last year of school; he helped with showing the more youthful students. This strange situation of being both an instructor and a student was particularly offensive to the tall youngster, and he experienced repeating longs for goliath torment at school for two decades (Wallace and Camerini, 4). As examined before, Wallace experienced childhood in an oppressed foundation, what might be ass igned as provincial middleclass in country Wales and afterward in Hertford, England. This childhood was altogether different from that of other Victorian logical partners (Wallace and Camerini, 4). ... He likewise had the chance of voyaging abroad, which gave him presentation and regard for ‘savages’ (people from non-European societies) and to the frontier abuse frameworks that they were presented to. Subsequently, that his suffering recognizable proof with the longshot in the long run brought about his turning into a communist isn't dumbfounding (Wallace and Berry, 1). Wallace clarifies in his collection of memoirs that in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, Britain’s financial base revolutioniz d from agribusiness to assembling and the British Empire developed in power just as in size. This was a time of new open doors just as mounting question. The customary estimations of Britain’s horticultural society depended on the status and abundance of the family where one originated from. Industrialization and venture into provincial terrains undercut the sullen social structure, and there came about a generous riches and influence re-conveyance out of the requirement for skill just as logical information in the change to an assembling society. This wide setting molded the life of Wallace while he was youthful, a setting accused of challenges to customary types of power, especially the Church of England alongside political force dependent on legacy. The way that Wallace’s interests extended so comprehensively makes it extremely difficult to apply a solitary mark to him. Delineating him as a characteristic researcher would accomplish for the early piece of his life, however so would travel author and geographer; one would need to include mystic, scholarly and social pundit for the second 50% of his life. Similarly hard to nail down is his status inside established researchers. To certain students of history, Wallace was an introvert, a pariah or the ‘other’ man who found advancement. These terms be that as it may

Develop And Use Emotional Intelligence Assignment

Question: Examine about the Develop and Use Emotional Intelligence Assignment. Answer: Presentation Work environment stresses have become a difficult issue since the globalization and rivalry have expanded. It is difficult to be in acceptable terms with every part inside the association. The situation is significantly increasingly troublesome when somebody holds the legitimate position. He will undoubtedly comprehend the necessities of his representatives, to build up a heartfelt connection with them but then exercise his tyrant control for the unhindered work process. In the event of social decent variety of the workers inside the association the odds of unsettling influence is an increasingly basic issue. The act of enthusiastic insight causes them escape the circumstance. Through this report, an investigation dependent on the CA City Department Store of Australia will be examined. Hanz Konig, who is the Head of Operations in the store have confronted certain issues in his working environment. This report will manage the issues that Hanz has confronted and attempt to join the act of passionate insight as a valuable practice to take care of the issues. Passionate Intelligence in work environment Standards of passionate knowledge: Passionate Intelligence is a people capacity to comprehend his own feelings alongside the feelings of others. It is otherwise called Emotional Quotient. Daniel Goleman presented the term and illustrated the standards of Emotional Intelligence. These are as following: Mindfulness Self-guideline Inspiration Sympathy Social abilities Some of them can't be incorporated inside the business structure. Be that as it may, Goleman has connected the effect of enthusiastic insight for a superior business result. Passionate quality assists with beating the weights in todays working environment. An expert may respond distinctively in his own life than in his expert life. Through rehearsing passionate insight, the pioneers can expel pressure and expectation a superior outcome. Hanzs responses to comparable circumstances: Hanz Konig found that only one out of every odd representative is co-working each other as a result of the social decent variety present in them. As a pioneer, Hanz moved some of them to different segments. This isn't the arrangement. Hanz needs to distinguish his own enthusiastic qualities, shortcomings, passionate states, and stressor to discover the arrangements. This is the manner by which he can utilize his passionate knowledge. Hanzs qualities, shortcomings, stressors and Emotional states: Qualities Shortcomings Stressors Enthusiastic states 1.Open-mindedness 2.Loyalty 3. Compassion 1.Inability to comprehend others conduct 2. Subjectivity 3. Vanquished rapidly 3. 1. Managing strife 2. Absence of help 3. Connections 1. acknowledgment and affirmation of the issue 2. Frustration 3. Disarray and hesitation Legitimate and straightforward comprehension of enthusiastic knowledge: The vast majority neglect to perceive their enthusiastic qualities and shortcomings. There are four segments that are classified both as close to home and social fitness. These are-mindfulness, social-mindfulness, self-administration, and Relationship the board. On the off chance that I can see precisely about my qualities and shortcomings, he is mindful. Mindfulness, subsequently, falls into the class of Personal Competence. Nonetheless, I need social mindfulness since I have neglected to comprehend different people groups feelings. I have likewise bombed in Relationship Management, as I was unable to deal with the inner connections among the partners. Classification of individual stressors and passionate knowledge in working environment: Pioneers need to deal with more work environment stressors than some other representatives do. As Hanz, I have managed absence of help from the colleagues having a place with different social foundation. This has activated such a circumstance, that regardless of whether I dispense them in various segments they are distraught. I have taken a stab at speaking with them however fizzled. Presently, I should expel my passionate shortcomings. I should attempt to be increasingly emotional to discover the arrangements. I ought to speak with them independently through rehearsing my positive quality, for example liberality. Passionate triggers and utilization of attention to control enthusiastic reaction: We as a whole have passionate triggers. We have to discover them by practicing mindfulness and afterward transform them into positive outcomes. It is a system to control our reactions before responding in a negative manner. From the outset, I will stop before responding gravely or saying anybody anything that disparages his situation as a worker. My quality is that I am receptive, so I will manage their issues generously. It will assist them with accepting me and communicate something specific that I comprehend their circumstance. The executives of working environment feelings as a pioneer to turn into a good example: A pioneer will undoubtedly extend himself as the good example to his representatives. In any case, the passionate conditions of pioneers can be of dissatisfaction or uneasiness, apprehension, outrage or animosity, aversion or disappointment, and frustration. For my situation, I will locate the positive open door after the assessment of the circumstance is finished. I will do whatever it takes not to stress and look apprehensive. I will likewise not examine the working environment issues with others who are stressed over the comparable circumstance. I will speak with whom I am having the issues, know and comprehend the circumstances from them, make a rundown of likely answers for the improvement and regardless of whether I am angry sooner or later of time, I will stop before responding. One of the most significant viewpoints is that I ought to consistently be affable and self-assured. I will regard each individual feelings and treat the person in question well. Another point is that I will never look disappointed or baffled despite the fact that I may confront that regularly. Self-reflection and criticism from partners: Self-reflection and criticism is a helpful procedure to evaluate oneself. I will speak with them about my responses to them. I will pose them a few inquiries: Do I look furious, baffled or stressed? What are the explanations for my annoyance or despondency or stress? Howe I react to them inwardly? How my passionate reactions influence the circumstance? How would I look while reacting? How could others get influenced? How distinctively would I be able to have reacted? How I feel now? For what reason do I feel in such a manner? What would it be a good idea for me to accomplish for making a correct reaction? How others could assist me with making a correct reaction? I will pose comparative inquiries to the secretary and to my associates for various assessments. Appraisal of workers passionate signals: In the working environment, I should attempt to deal with different enthusiastic reactions of the laborers. I realize that the laborers are disappointed with the progressing circumstance. They feel distance with one another, have become annoyed, feel disappointed because of any absence of legitimate arrangement, and in some cases they despise one another and even loathe me. From the outset, I will evaluate all these through investigating the enthusiastic prompts. This incorporates outward appearances, body development and manner of speaking. Notwithstanding, the enthusiastic signals sharing basic properties can be confounding. Wrong evaluation of enthusiastic signals can prompt a progressively upset circumstance. Consequently, I will evaluate the nonexclusive passionate signals to discover the enthusiastic conditions of my laborers. Social decent variety and diverse enthusiastic signals: Social assorted variety in CA City Department store have made various and differing enthusiastic signals. As an activity head, I ought to comprehend that social assorted variety separates different enthusiastic reactions. The laborers from Far East will respond strongly on issues identified with disgrace and respect than those from the United States. I should attempt to acquaint myself with this assortment of enthusiastic prompts. Once more, feelings expressed through dialects have various undertones to various individuals. Thusly, I won't recognize what they talk and spotlight more on how they carry on with their signals. Adaptability and versatility: As an administrator, I will recognize the human viewpoints in my laborers. In my work environment, there exists disappointment among the representatives. They grumble around each other, whine about hierarchical legislative issues. They are troubled due to bring down pace of advancements and they are despondent in light of the fact that the authority doesn't share the positive clients input to them. In this way, I should attempt to take care of these issues by making them mindful of their great work. I will regard them as individual substance and converse with them in their good language sympathetically. This will make an impression on them I comprehend their issues and they will open up their brain easily to me. I will give arrangements separately remembering their necessities. On the off chance that fundamental, I will take help from my higher specialists as well. Dynamic by a pioneer: While taking a choice, I should think about the diverse enthusiastic conditions of my workforce. It will assist me with guessing the plausible impacts of that choice. Subsequently, I will consider the enthusiastic, money related, social, and individual parts of them exclusively. Once more, how my choices would influence my relations with them, the present moment and the drawn out impacts will be thought of. My choice can influence their profitability and their state of mind in the work environment; in this manner, I will attempt to answer these questions before taking any choice. Open doors for workers to communicate their sentiments: It is critical to make open door for other people so they can impart their considerations and sentiments to me. It is procedure to create enthusiastic insight in them. Along these lines, I will attempt to prepare them with the goal that they can become mindful and practice their enthusiastic qualities. I will hold bunch instructional meetings for the specialist and if essential, I will hold a paid instructional meeting as well, with the goal that they become inspired by the program. Advancement in enthusiastic insight will make them to control their anger. They will begin assessing the circumstance and regarding the colleagues feelings. I will concentrate on leading balanced gathering for evacuation of the contentions

September College Planning Checklist

Fall College Planning Tips for High School Students Labor Day and the beginning of September traditionally mark the unofficial end of summer, and with the new month comes a new school year and the time to plan for college! Whether you’re an entering freshman or a rising senior, there’s a lot that you can do this month to prepare for the college admissions process. Here’s our September college planning checklist for high school students: Freshmen Get settled in your courses. Colleges take 9th grade grades into consideration, so study hard. Don’t be shy about seeking help from teachers if you experience academic difficulties. Get involved! Now is the time to explore extracurricular activities and find clubs and organizations that really match your interests. Read! Begin building a list of books to read outside of class that will help you explore your interests and build your vocabulary. Sophomores Grades are very important! Start off the new school year right by getting organized and making a study schedule that will ensure your grades continue on an upward trend. Continue extracurricular involvement and seek leadership positions. If you can’t find a club or organization that meets your interests, then found one! Start your own club to fulfill your interests. Begin researching colleges. If you live near an institution of interest during, stop by for an informal visit. Continue your outside reading and make sure you are updating your resume throughout the year. Juniors Start studying for the SAT/ACT, SAT Subject Tests and AP exams as soon as the school year begins. In addition to the SAT or ACT, some colleges require up to two SAT Subject Tests, which are one hour long, multiple choice exams that measure achievement in specific subject areas. If you plan on taking the October SAT, be sure to register by Sept. 6. Registration for the October ACT closes Sept. 27. Continue to research colleges online and begin planning campus visits. Attend any local college fairs and ask your college counselor if any representatives from colleges and universities will be visiting your school this year. 11th grade teachers are the ones you’re most likely to ask for letters of recommendation, so continue building and fostering those relationships. Continue involvement in extracurricular and volunteer activities and seek leadership roles. Seniors Narrow down your balanced college list; be sure to include a combination of reach, target, and likely schools. Create a final draft of your resume that includes any summer activities and any new or continued club/team activities. If you haven’t already started, begin working on your application essays. Have someone check them for content and grammar. Begin approaching teachers for letters of recommendation. You ask for a recommendation at least a month before your application is due in order to give teachers adequate time to prepare a thoughtful and comprehensive recommendation. For more tips on what you should be doing this year to plan for college, download our full college checklist, and be sure to follow us on Facebook and Twitter for up-to-the-minute updates and tips!

Loss Leader Marketing Overview Writing Assignment - 550 Words

Loss Leader Marketing Overview Writing Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Loss Leader Marketing OverviewName of StudentInstitution AffiliationLoss Leader Marketing OverviewThe One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) program was initiated in 2005 with an objective to enhance the education of children around the world (Cristia, Ibarrarn, Cueto, Santiago, Severin, 2017). Primarily, the idea was that the creation and distribution of educational devices would improve how these children learned in schools. Primarily, this program targeted the developing world since there is power in creating a virtually limitless store of information and connectivity to the world.Nicholas Negroponte viewed the OLPC program as a millennial idea that would revolutionize the world (Ibraković, 2016). According to him, the payoffs for this program were specific although he failed to acknowledge that there would be numerous challenges in the implementation process. As it turned out, the act of merely distributing computers to kids and expect everything to work on its own woul d not be possible. First, the approach proposed by Negroponte has been flawed since its inception. Second, the required efforts to reform the education curricula in various countries is a slow and expensive process. Notably, this program necessitates the presence of trained teachers who direct the kids. A good number of educators are often absent and incompetent making the process even more difficult.Despite the challenges presented by this approach, companies like Microsoft, Intel, and other leading profit corporations express an interest in low-cost computers for the developing world. Among other reasons, these companies have an objective to enhance computer awareness around the globe. A significant number of developing countries suffer computer illiteracy especially since many people do not have enough money to purchase these devices. In this program, these companies will manufacture low cost computers which the people who have low incomes can afford. Similarly, schools will be i n a position to purchase more computers which will facilitate learning in various educational institutions. Consequently, computer literacy will continue to spread all over the world.Second, there is a possibility that leading profit companies joined the OLPC program to catch more opportunities. Based on observation and research, vendors are now aware of the growing market in developing countries. Although the consumers may not be able to purchase computers currently, they will be able to purchase after decades comfortably. For instance, China is currently one of the biggest PC markets, but this was not the case thirty years ago (Wan, Williamson, Yin, 2015). Microsoft, Intel, and other profit organizations perceive the OLPC program as the most efficient and cheap way to enter the emerging market at a low cost.Third, these large organizations may have joined the OLPC program as a sign of social responsibility and a way of maintaining their image. Consumers consider a lot of thing...

Is Machiavelli an Immoral Teacher of Evil - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2132 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Philosophy Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This essay will consider whether or not Machiavelli was a teacher of evil, with specific reference to his text The Prince. It shall first be shown what it was that Machiavelli taught and how this can only be justified by consequentialism. It shall then be discussed whether consequentialism is a viable ethical theory, in order that it can justify Machiavellis teaching. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Machiavelli an Immoral Teacher of Evil?" essay for you Create order Arguing that this is not the case, it will be concluded that Machiavelli is a teacher of evil. To begin, it shall be shown what Machiavelli taught or suggested be adopted in order for a ruler to maintain power. To understand this, it is necessary to understand the political landscape of the period. The Prince was published posthumously in 1532, and was intended as a guidebook to rulers of principalities. Machiavelli was born in Italy and, during that period, there were many wars between the various states which constituted Italy. These states were either republics (governed by an elected body) or principalities (governed by a monarch or single ruler). The Prince was written and dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici who was in charge of Florence which, though a republic, was autocratic, like a principality. Machiavellis work aimed to give Lorenzo de Medici advice to rule as an autocratic prince. (Nederman, 2014) The ultimate objective to which Machiavelli aims in The Prince is for a prince to remain in power over his subjects. Critics who claim that Machiavelli is evil do not hold this view, necessarily, because of this ultimate aim, but by the way in which Machiavelli advises achieving it. This is because, to this ultimate end, Machiavelli holds that no moral or ethical expense need be spared. This is the theme which runs constant through the work. For example, in securing rule over the subjects of a newly acquired principality, which was previously ruled by another prince, Machiavelli writes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to hold them securely enough is to have destroyed the family of the prince who was ruling them. (Machiavelli, 1532: 7). That is, in order to govern a new principality, it is necessary that the family of the previous prince be destroyed. Further, the expense of morality is not limited to physical acts, such as the murder advised, but deception and manipulation. An example of this is seen in that Machiavelli claims: Therefore it is unnecessary for a prince to have all the good qualities I have enumerated, but it is very necessary to appear to have them. And I shall dare to say this also, that to have them and always to observe them is injurious, and that to appear to have them is useful. (Machiavelli, 1532: 81). Here, Machiavelli is claiming that virtues are necessary to a ruler only insomuch as the ruler appears to have them. However, to act only by the virtues will be, ultimately, detrimental to the maintenance of the ruler, as they may often have to act against the virtues to quell a rebellion, for example. A prince must be able to appear just, so that he is trusted, but actually not be so, in order that he may maintain his dominance. In all pieces of advice, Machiavelli claims that it is better to act in the way he advises, for to do otherwise would lead to worse consequences: the end of the rule. The defence which is to be made for Machiavelli, then, must come from a consequentialist viewpoint. Consequentialist theory argues that the morality of an action is dependent upon its consequences. If the act or actions create consequences that, ultimately, are better (however that may be measured) than otherwise, the action is good. However, if a different act could, in that situation, have produced better consequences, then the action taken would be immoral. The classic position of consequentialism is utilitarianism. First argued for by Bentham, he claimed that two principles govern mankind à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" pleasure and pain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and it is to achieve the former and avoid the latter that determines how we act (Bentham, 1789: 14). This is done either on an individual basis, or a collective basis, depending on the situation. In the first of these cases, the good action is the one which gives the individual the most pleasure or the least pain. In the second of these cases, the good action is the one which gives the collective group the most pleasure or the least pain. The collect ive group consists of individuals, and therefore the good action will produce most pleasure if it does so for the most amount of people (Bentham, 1789: 15). Therefore, utilitarianism claims that an act is good iff its consequences produce the greatest amount of happiness (or pleasure) for the greatest amount of people, or avoid the greatest amount of unhappiness (or pain) for the greatest amount of people. This, now outlined, can be used to defend Machiavellis advice. If the ultimate goal is achieved, the consequence of the prince remaining in power must cause more happiness for more of his subjects than would otherwise be the case if he lost power. Secondly, the pain and suffering caused by the prince on the subjects whom he must murder/deceive/steal from must be less than the suffering which would be caused should he lose power. If these two criteria can be satisfied, then consequentialism may justify Machiavelli. Further, it is practically possible that such a set of circum stances could arise; it is conceivable that it could be the case that the suffering would be less should the prince remain in power. Italy, as stated, at that time, was in turmoil and many wars were being fought. A prince remaining in power would also secure internal peace for a principality and the subjects. A prince who lost power would leave the land open to attacks and there would be a greater suffering for the majority of the populous. On the subject, Machiavelli writes: As there cannot be good laws where the state is not well armed, it follows that where they are well armed they have good laws. (Machiavelli, 1532: 55) This highlights the turmoil of the world at that time, and the importance of power, both military and lawful, for peace. Machiavelli, in searching for the ultimate end for the prince retaining his power, would also secure internal peace and defence of the principality. This would therefore mean that there would be less destruction and suffering for the peop le. Defended by consequentialism, the claim that Machiavelli is evil becomes an argument against this moral theory. The criticisms against consequentialism are manifold. A first major concern against consequentialism is that it justifies actions which seem to be intuitively wrong, such as murder or torture, on not just an individual basis, but on a mass scale. Take the following example: in a war situation, the only way to save a million and a half soldiers is to kill a million civilians. Consequentialism justifies killing the million civilians as the suffering will be less than if a million and a half soldiers were to die. If consequentialism must be used in order to justify Machiavellis teachings, it must therefore be admitted that this act of mass murder, in the hypothetical situation, would also be justified. A second major concern is that it uses people as means, rather than ends, and this seems to be something which is intuitively incorrect, as evidenced in the trolley p roblem. The trolley problem is thus: a train, out of control, is heading towards five workers on the track. The driver has the opportunity to change to another track, on which there is a single worker. Thomson argues it would be morally permissible to change track and kill the one (Thomson, 1985: 1395). However, the consequentialist would here state that morality requires you to change track (Thomson, 1985: 1395), as there is less suffering in one dying than in five dying. The difference in these two stances is to be noted. Thomson then provides another situation: the transplant problem. A surgeon is able to transplant any body part to another without failure. In the hospital the surgeon works at, five people are in need of a single organ, without which they will die. Another person, visiting for a check-up, is found to be a complete match for all the transplants needed. Thomson asks whether it would be permissible for the surgeon to kill the one and distribute their organs for t hose who would die (Thomson, 1985: 1395-1396). Though she claims that it would not be morally permissible to do so, those who claimed that changing tracks in the trolley problem would be a moral requirement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the consequentialists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" would also have to claim that murdering the one to save five would also be a moral requirement, as the most positive outcome would be given to the most people. Herein lies the major concern for a consequentialist, and therefore Machiavellis defence: that consequentialism justifies using people as means to an end, and not an end within themselves. A criticism of this is famously argued for by Kant, who claims that humans are rational beings, and we do not state that they are things, but instead call them persons (Kant, 1785: 46). Only things can permissibly be used only as a means, and not persons, who are in themselves an end (Kant, 1785: 46). To use a person merely as a means rather than an end is to treat them as so mething other than a rational agent which, Kant claims, is immoral. This now must be applied to Machiavelli. In advising the murder and deception of others, he is advocating treating people as merely a means, by using them in order to obtain the ultimate end of retaining power. Though this ultimate end may bring about greater peace, and therefore pleasure for a greater amount of people, it could be argued that the peace obtained does not outweigh the immoral actions required in creating this peace. Further, it must also be discussed whether Machiavellis teaching is in pursuit of a prince retaining power in order to bring about peace, or whether it is in pursuit of retaining power simply that the prince may retain power. The former option may be justifiable, if consequentialism is accepted. However, this may not the case for the latter, even if peace is obtained. Machiavellis motives will never be truly known. Such a problem as this demonstrates further criticisms of consequ entialism, and therefore Machiavelli himself. If he was advising to achieve power for the sake of achieving power, he would not be able to justify the means to this end without the end providing a consequentialist justification if, ultimately, the prince retains power but there is not a larger of amount of pleasure than would otherwise be the case. To pursue power in order to promote peace is perhaps justifiable. However, as is a major concern with the normative approach of consequentialism, the unpredictability of consequences can lead to unforeseen ends. The hypothetical prince may take Machiavellis advice, follow it to the letter, and produce one of three outcomes: Power is obtained and peace is obtained. Power is obtained but peace is not obtained. Neither power nor peace is obtained. Only in the first of these outcomes can there be any consequentialist justification. However, this then means that there are two possible outcomes in which there cannot be a consequentialist justification, and it is impossible to know, truly, which outcome will be obtained. This is the criticism of both Machiavelli and consequentialism: that the risk involved in acting is too great, with such a chance of failure and therefore unjustifiable actions, when it is impossible to truly know the outcomes of actions. The nature of the risk is what makes this unjustifiable, in that the risk is against human life, wellbeing, and safety. Machiavelli condones using people as merely a means to an end without the guarantee of a positive end by a consequentialist justification. In conclusion, it has been briefly demonstrated what Machiavelli put forward as his teachings. It was further shown how the only justification for Machiavellis teachings is a consequentialist approach. However, criticism s put against Machiavelli and consequentialism, such as the justification of mass atrocities, using people as means to ends, and the unpredictability of the pragmatic implementation, show it to fail as an acceptable justification of his teachings. Therefore, it is concluded that Machiavelli is a teacher of evil. Reference List Bentham, J. (1798). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Accessed online at: https://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/bentham/morals.pdf. Last accessed on 26/09/2015. Kant, I. (1785). Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Edited and Translated by Wood, A. (2002). New York: Vail-Ballou Press. Machiavelli, N. (1532). The Prince. Translated by Marriott, W. K. (1908). London: David Campbell Publishers. Nederman, C. (2012). Nicollo Machiavelli. Accessed online at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/. Last accessed on 02/10/2015. Thomson, J. J. (1985). The Trolley Problem. The Yale Law Journal. Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 1395-1415.